Global impoverishment of natural vegetation revealed by dark diversity – Nature

Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Meelis Pärtel, Riin Tamme, Carlos P. Carmona, Kersti Riibak, Mari Moora, Maarja Öpik, John Davison, Junichi Fujinuma, Nele Ingerpuu, Madli Jõks, Ene Kook, Tatjana Oja, Bruno Paganeli, Triin Reitalu, Enrico Tordoni, Diego P. F. Trindade, Oscar Zárate Martínez & Martin Zobel

Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Jonathan A. Bennett

Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum —University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Alessandro Chiarucci, Silvia Del Vecchio & Arianna Ferrara

Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

Milan Chytrý

CIDE, CSIC-UV-GVA, Valencia, Spain

Francesco de Bello, Daniel A. Rodríguez Ginart & Diego P. F. Trindade

Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

Francesco de Bello, Jiri Dolezal, Eva Janíková, Marie Konečná, Aleš Lisner & Mercedes Valerio

Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Ove Eriksson

Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA

Susan Harrison

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Bergen, Norway

Robert John Lewis

Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Angela T. Moles

Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia

Jodi N. Price

Plant Ecology Group, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Vistorina Amputu

Independent researcher, Tehran, Iran

Diana Askarizadeh

Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Diana Askarizadeh

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Zohreh Atashgahi

Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, Canada

Isabelle Aubin & Laura Boisvert-Marsh

Terrestrial Ecology Group, Department of Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Francisco M. Azcárate, Irene Guerrero & Begoña Peco

Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Francisco M. Azcárate

Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland, Australia

Matthew D. Barrett

Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Maral Bashirzadeh

Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary

Zoltán Bátori, András Kelemen & Csaba Tölgyesi

Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium

Natalie Beenaerts

Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

Kolja Bergholz, Florian Jeltsch, Michael Ristow & Lina Weiss

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Kristine Birkeli, Ruben S. Thormodsæter & Vigdis Vandvik

Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Kristine Birkeli & Vigdis Vandvik

Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain

Idoia Biurrun & Juan A. Campos

Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences (Botany and Mycology), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

José M. Blanco-Moreno & Aaron Pérez-Haase

Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

José M. Blanco-Moreno & Aaron Pérez-Haase

Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA

Kathryn J. Bloodworth & Kimberly J. Komatsu

Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Bazartseren Boldgiv & Khaliun Sanchir

Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil

Pedro H. S. Brancalion & Joannès Guillemot

Re.green, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Pedro H. S. Brancalion

Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Francis Q. Brearley

Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

Charlotte Brown

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Charlotte Brown, James F. Cahill, Raytha A. Murillo, Karina Salimbayeva & Viktoria Wagner

Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia, CSIC, Jaca, Spain

C. Guillermo Bueno & Pablo Tejero

Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy

Gabriella Buffa, Edy Fantinato & Giulia Silan

Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L’Aquila, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy

Giacomo Cangelmi

Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy

Michele Carbognani, T’ai G. W. Forte, Alessandro Petraglia & Marcello Tomaselli

École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris Sciences Lettres University (EPHE-PSL), Paris, France

Christopher Carcaillet

University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LEHNA UMR5023, CNRS, ENTPE, Villeurbanne, France

Christopher Carcaillet

Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Bruno E. L. Cerabolini & Michele Dalle Fratte

Conservatoire d’espaces naturels Centre–Val de Loire, Orléans, France

Richard Chevalier

Research Group Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

Jan S. Clavel, Jonas J. Lembrechts & Dajana Radujković

Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

José M. Costa, Ruben H. Heleno & Daniel Montesinos

Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Sara A. O. Cousins

Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic

Jan Čuda, Martin Hejda, Jiří Sádlo, Hana Skálová, Kateřina Štajerová, Michaela Vítková & Martin Vojík

Instituto de Biociências, Lab of Vegetation Ecology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil

Mariana Dairel & Alessandra Fidelis

Independent researcher, Kirovsk, Russia

Alena Danilova & Natalia Koroleva

Lendület Seed Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary

Balázs Deák, András Kelemen, Katalin Lukács & Orsolya Valkó

Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

Iwona Dembicz, Łukasz Kozub & Nadiia Skobel

Vegetation Ecology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland

Jürgen Dengler

Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic

Jiri Dolezal & Miroslav Dvorsky

CREAF (Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications), Bellaterra, Spain

Xavier Domene

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain

Xavier Domene

Quantitative Plant Ecology and Biodiversity Research Lab, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashdad, Iran

Hamid Ejtehadi & Sahar Karami

Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina

Lucas Enrico & Melisa A. Giorgis

FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

Lucas Enrico & Melisa A. Giorgis

Independent researcher, Moscow, Russia

Dmitrii Epikhin

Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Anu Eskelinen & Risto Virtanen

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Anu Eskelinen, Lotte Korell & Soroor Rahmanian

Division of BioInvasions, Global Change and Macroecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Franz Essl

State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Gaohua Fan & Houjia Liu

Chair of Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

Fatih Fazlioglu

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey

Fatih Fazlioglu

Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB), University of Oviedo–CSIC–Principality of Asturias, Mieres, Spain

Eduardo Fernández-Pascual & Borja Jiménez-Alfaro

Department of Organismal and Systems Biology, University of Ovidedo, Oviedo, Spain

Eduardo Fernández-Pascual & Borja Jiménez-Alfaro

Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Markus Fischer & Lena Neuenkamp

Department of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Maren Flagmeier & Eduardo Moreno-Jiménez

Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada

Lauchlan H. Fraser

Graduate Program in Botany, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Fernando F. Furquim

Independent researcher, Mancelona, MI, USA

Berle Garris

Au Sable Institute of Environmental Studies, Mancelona, MI, USA

Heath W. Garris

Department of Geological, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

Gianpietro Giusso del Galdo

Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain

Ana González-Robles & Rubén Tarifa

Instituto Interuniversitario del Sistema Tierra de Andalucía, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain

Ana González-Robles

School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Megan K. Good

Unit of Botany, Department of Animal and Plant Biology and Ecology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain

Moisès Guardiola

Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

Riccardo Guarino

CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France

Joannès Guillemot & Agnès A. Robin

Eco&Sols, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France

Joannès Guillemot & Agnès A. Robin

Biology Education, Dokuz Eylül University, Buca, Turkey

Behlül Güler

Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China

Yinjie Guo

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Stef Haesen, Karlien Moeys & Koenraad Van Meerbeek

KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Stef Haesen & Koenraad Van Meerbeek

Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Toke T. Høye & Jesper Erenskjold Moeslund

Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Toke T. Høye

Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

Richard Hrivnák & Ivana Svitková

State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China

Yingxin Huang & Xuhe Liu

Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China

Yingxin Huang & Xuhe Liu

Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China

Yingxin Huang & Xuhe Liu

School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia

John T. Hunter

Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland

Dmytro Iakushenko

F. Falz-Fein Biosphere Reserve Askania Nova, Kyiv, Ukraine

Dmytro Iakushenko

Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain

Ricardo Ibáñez & Mercedes Valerio

Biogeography and Biodiversity Lab, Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Severin D. H. Irl

Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany

Florian Jansen

Department of Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

Anke Jentsch & Andreas von Hessberg

Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University Nour Branch, Nour, Iran

Mohammad H. Jouri

Chair of Sensor-based Geoinformatics, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Negin Katal

Independent researcher, Kazan, Russia

Bulat I. Khairullin, Maria V. Kozhevnikova & Vadim E. Prokhorov

Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India

Anzar A. Khuroo & Sajad A. Wani

Department of Species Interaction Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig, Germany

Lotte Korell

Department of Functional Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic

Kirill A. Korznikov & Vojtech Lanta

Chair of Biodiversity and Nature Tourism, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia

Lauri Laanisto & Petr Macek

Kalmar County Administrative Board, Färjestaden, Sweden

Helena Lager & Michael Tholin

Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Río Gallegos, Argentina

Romina G. Lasagno & Pablo L. Peri

Ecology and Biodiversity (E&B), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Jonas J. Lembrechts

Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Liping Li & Yichen Tian

State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

Kun Liu & Sa Xiao

School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China

Xuhe Liu

Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, Castilla-La Mancha University, Albacete, Spain

Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja & Pedro Antonio Plaza-Álvarez

Applied Plant Ecology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Kristin Ludewig

Netzwerk für Angewandte Ökologie, Hamburg, Germany

Jona Luther-Mosebach

Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic

Petr Macek

Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

Michela Marignani

Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, Pessac, France

Richard Michalet & Blaise Touzard

ÖMKi—Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Budapest, Hungary

Tamás Miglécz

Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia

Daniel Montesinos

College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia

Daniel Montesinos

Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Eduardo Moreno-Jiménez

Department of Botany, Kherson State University, Kherson, Ukraine

Ivan Moysiyenko & Nadiia Skobel

Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

Ladislav Mucina & James L. Tsakalos

Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Ladislav Mucina

Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain

Miriam Muñoz-Rojas

Centre for Ecosystem Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Miriam Muñoz-Rojas

Department of Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia

Sylvia M. Nambahu

Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

Lena Neuenkamp

Center for Sustainable Landscapes Under Global Change, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Signe Normand

Botanical Garden, Center for Biological Diversity Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland

Arkadiusz Nowak & Sebastian Świerszcz

Greenpeace España, Madrid, Spain

Paloma Nuche

Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China

Vladimir G. Onipchenko

Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria

Kalina L. Pachedjieva

Departemento Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain

Ana M. L. Peralta

Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), CONICET, Río Gallegos, Argentina

Pablo L. Peri

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

Gwendolyn Peyre

Swedish Biodiversity Centre, Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

Jan Plue

Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Honor C. Prentice

Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research (RSC4Earth), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany

Soroor Rahmanian

Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

Triin Reitalu

Department of Soil Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil

Agnès A. Robin

Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain

Ana Belén Robles

Department of Agronomy, University of Almería, Almería, Spain

Raúl Román

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oslo, Norway

Ruben E. Roos

Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway

Ruben E. Roos

Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy

Leonardo Rosati

Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Rut Sánchez de Dios & Enrique Valencia

School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Cornelia Sattler & Julian Schrader

Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Laramie Research and Extension Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA

John D. Scasta

Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Ute Schmiedel

Future Regions Research Centre, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia

Nick L. Schultz

CIRAD-UMR EcoFoG, Kourou, French Guiana

Giacomo Sellan

Botanical Institute of Barcelona (CSIC-CMCNB), Barcelona, Spain

Josep M. Serra-Diaz

Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Judit Sonkoly

Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland

Sebastian Świerszcz

Ecosystems and Global Change Group, School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada

Andrew J. Tanentzap

Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Fallon M. Tanentzap

Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain

Rubén Tarifa

Independent reseacher, Teberda, Russia

Dzhamal K. Tekeev

Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine

Alla Tokaryuk

HUN-REN-UD Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Péter Török

HUN-REN-UD Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Béla Tóthmérész

Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement (CRBE), UMR 5300 UPS-CNRS-IRD-INP, Université Paul Sabatier–Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France

Aurèle Toussaint

School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy

James L. Tsakalos

Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Faculty of Education, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey

Sevda Türkiş

Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain

Jesus Villellas

Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

Martin Vojík

Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

Martin Vojík

Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Jonathan von Oppen

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Jonathan von Oppen

Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China

Ji-Zhong Wan

Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu, China

Chun-Jing Wang

National Monitoring Centre for Biodiversity Germany, Leipzig, Germany

Lina Weiss

Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia

Tricia Wevill